WiMAX stands for World Interoperability for Microwave Access that enables the actual broadband wireless network with high speed.WiMAX operate same like WiFi but WiFi operate with some limitation like it is base band technology and cover only 100 feet radius with slow speed. WiMAX covers a radius of 50 Km and work with the speed of 70 Mbps. WiMAX is the replacement of the wired broadband.In wired broadband connection, we can transmit data with 512 Kbps to 10 Mbps speed and more,for example DSL broadband and cable broadband. In future all new desktop and notebook computers will be incorporated with WiMAX technology. With this technology you will be connected to the internet even you are driving your car with the speed of 120 Km.
Objective of WiMAX
Superior Performance
Flexibility
Advanced IP-Based Architecture
Attractive Economics
IEEE 802.16 Specifications
Range 30 mile radius from the base station for LOS (line-of-sight).
Range 4-6 miles radius from the base station for NLOS (Non-line-of-sight)
Maximum data speed supported as 70 Mbps.
Licensed frequency band: 2- 11 GHz
Un-licensed frequency band: 10- 66 GHz
Line of sight is not needed between user and the base station unless very high date rates are required at the user premises.
I currently have a USB broadband modem. I purchased a wireless router which has ethernet connections. Currently, the modem is plugged into my computer downstairs which is running Windows 98, therefore, it won't bridge the connections to my computer upstairs(XP). I can't update to XP because a family member wont 'risk' it.
Can I connect the USB broadband modem to my wireless router using a complicated selection of cable adapters ie ethernet to USB (I cant find a USB TO ETHERNET adapter). If this is not possible, if I plug the USB modem into my XP computer, can I bridge the connections to my Win 98 computer using the XP computer as the host?
I think their is Ethernet to USB out their currently but not USB to ethernet. I dont see any reason why you should not be able to hook up your USB modem to your XP computer and use it as a bridge to the 98 computer.
Of course, it would be nicer to have an all-in-one unit, but you can accomplish your goal with this equipment. You cannot use cable adapters to convert the modem's USB into Ethernet. USB needs drivers to operate, and Ethernet connections do not provide those drivers to the device. you could also connect the modem to the XP machine and bridge connections, yes. but you can leave the system the way it is and configure it to run smoothly like this:
If I had the hardwear in front of me, it would be easier to provide specifics... but i can probly give you an idea of what to do. There are only 2 steps here:
1. configure an internet gateway.
2. configure the router.
And the rest is easy.
1. Set up the internet machine to SHARE AN INTERNET CONNECTION (you can use the wizard if you want, or just enable Internet Connection Sharing), which will turn the 98 into an internet gateway. that gateway needs an IP address designated, however. In essence, the 98 machine will be the internet server, so the IP of the 98 machine is the IP of the gateway. Assign an address, for example: 192.168.1.1 to the 98 machine. the "192.168" is important, and the last strings you can stretch on, but for the sake of ease lets keep it small. *TIP* the subnet mask will always be 255.255.255.0. okay that takes care of the host machine.
2. after you have an internet gateway, connect the wireless router, and console (or IP) in to the settings, usually by going into internet explorer and typing 192.168.0.1 into the address bar, and look for a slot for Internet Gateway. Type the address assigned in step 1. thats that for the router. (there may be other settings necessary for your specific network, and if there are, be sure to configure those.)
Lastly a few housekeeping tasks. make sure the workgroup for both machines is identical. I usually use MSHOME as the workgroup. Also make sure that on the XP machine, your IP address is set to "Automatically Obtain IP address", also known as DHCP.
Do You have important or sensitive Data?, Are you afraid if someone take look at this files?
so the solution is to hide your computer on the Network
Follow these steps to hide your computer on the network
1-Click start menu/run
2-type cmd
3-type the following command in the command prompt window and hit enter
IP stands for internet protocol. Every device that is connected to the internet has a unique identification number, which is the IP address. There are several tools and websites that can assist you in finding your IP address. You don’t need to use any web site or third-party application to find your IP address. Instead, you can simply use the command line on your computer to display the IP address.
1.Power on your computer and click “Start” and then “Run.” This opens the run box where you can enter a command.
2.Type in “CMD” into the run box and press “Enter” on your keyboard. The command line window opens.
3.Type in “IP Config” into the command line and press “Enter” on your keyboard.
4.View and write down your IP address. The IP address will be displayed and labeled as “IP Address” or “IPv6 Address.” A sample IP address might look like “191.41.2.1.”
The days of difficult home network set-ups are over. The latest operating systems are all designed to connect to networks in a plug-and-play fashion, though a few additional steps may need to be taken to connect to a wireless network. Setting up a network between two computers is as easy as connecting an Ethernet cable between the two, but connecting through a router will allow for greater functionality, such as Internet and printer sharing, and the ability to add more computers.
1.Connect the modem carrying your Internet signal to a central hub or router. You may choose to use either a wireless router, or a router with Ethernet connections. Some routers have both.
2.Connect each computer to the router either wirelessly or using an Ethernet cable. If using a wireless router you must first establish the wireless connection. In Windows, run the “Set Up a Wireless Router or Access Point” wizard located in the “Network and Internet” section of the Control Panel on the network’s central computer. You will need to temporarily connect to the router with an Ethernet cable to run the wizard and successfully set up the wireless connection.
3.Run the “Set Up a Wireless Router or Access Point” wizard from the second computer to connect it to the network. If connected via an Ethernet cable the network should already be established.
Setting up home wireless network – Introduction
Thinking of setting up home wireless network?
Everyone has gone digital today with all our music, photographs & videos stored on our home PCs.
They can do a lot more today with our PCs such as video editing, creation of picture collages, playing online games etc.
Setting up a home wireless network gives us the chance to ‘share it all’ with our relatives & friends.
Setting up a home wireless network needn’t be intimidating & the benefits are immense.
Setting up home wireless network – Router
In case you already have a broadband web connection, adding a wireless router will let you not only share your web connection with all of your home PCs & laptops but also the built in router switch & wireless access point will permit your home PCs to communicate directly with one another allowing the instant sharing of all of your music, video, photographs & other media.
Not only that but the wireless routers built in hardware firewall & wireless information encryption will protect all of your PCs & laptops from online threats & someone trying to break in to your wireless home network.
Wireless allows our whole home PCs, laptops & other digital wireless devices to link up wherever they are in & around our home - all without the mess & nuisance of wires.
Setting up a home wireless network will also enable you to build a wireless home media network allowing you to stream video & music around your home & to your home TV!
Setting up home wireless network – Printer sharing
Another use for your home wireless network is the sharing of a wired or wireless printer connected to one of your home PCs or even better, direct to your router by a print server which won't need you to leave a PC on.
A wireless printer could be placed anywhere allowing you to situate it conveniently for all to make use of or to keep your home tidy & tidy by tucking it out of the way.
Setting up home wireless network – Simple backup
The addition of a NAS (Network Attached Storage) tool can act as a file server so that someone on your home network can access files & media at any time without relying on one or more PCs being permanently powered on by backing up all files to one convenient place.
These babies are less expensive to run than a PC & can be left powered up on your network with all of your PCs & laptops etc having direct access to files & media by your home wireless network.
Hey, you can also get them with a built in print server!
A NAS will permit you the freedom & convenience of storing all of your music & video in one available ‘on demand’ place with a music or video streaming tool connected to your home entertainment process & your wireless network providing instant access to your media.
A NAS will also make the technique of file & information backup a snap!
Setting up home wireless network – Wireless gambling
Connect up your games consoles !
Xbox 360, Wii, Playstation – these can all be connected up to your home wireless network basically & the Xbox 360 & Playstation can streaming music & video ‘as is’ with small setting up to do.
Setting up home wireless network – It’s so simple!
On this site you will find all you require to know for setting up a home wireless network that require not cost the earth & is speedy & simple to do – the advent of wireless has made it all a lot simpler for someone to set up a home wireless network.
You’ll find help here with setting up, troubleshooting, security etc & all in simple terms with clear instructions & accompanying pics.
Most PCs & usually all laptops today will come with built in network capabilities.
Laptops ought to all have wireless capabilities built in & desktop PCs will usually have on-board wired Ethernet LAN capabilities & sometimes wireless capabilities .
Older laptops may not have these wireless capabilities built-in but not to worry, its simple to add this function & they show you how on this site with clear simple instructions.
Likewise they show you how to add wireless capabilities to a desktop PC enabling every PC & laptop computer in your home to join in the fun!
Windows XP, Vista & Windows 7 are all geared towards the simple set up of a wireless network (Windows XP will require Service Packs 2 & 3 installed & Windows Vista ought to have Service Pack 1 installed prior to setting up) & you will find all you require to know to set up your wireless router & wireless network adapters within this site.
An organization network through which the files and messages are exchanged among the users of the organization only is called the Intranet. This type of network uses the same protocols as used in the Internet. But through Intranet the information cannot be exchanged out side the organization.
The Exteranet
An extranet is a network of multiple intranets. It means that intranets of different companies are connected together for the collaboration among the companies. On an extranet each connected company gives selected rights to the employees of one or more other companies to access its intranet.
First, turn off the PC and modem, then remove the Ethernet cable from the PC and plug it into the router's WAN port. Install a second Ethernet cable between the PC's Ethernet port and one of the router's Ethernet ports. Power the modem, router and then PC, waiting for the system to boot and initialize before attempting an Internet connection.
Most routers are programmed with the manufacturer's default settings, including the network's name or service set identifier (SSID), channel and sign-on password. These default settings generally may be changed using included software or an online setup utility provided by the router's manufacturer.
Configure the router by entering the router configuration IP address at the URL provided, followed by the configuration utility ID and the default password. To find your router's default IP address and the default login info, refer to the owner's manual. If you own a Linksys router, a popular brand, the IP address is usually 192.168.1.1. Two other popular brands, D-Link and Netgear, generally use 192.168.0.1.
Bridging two wireless routers involves configuring both networks manually. Visit each network location - which should be recognized by your computer automatically - and configure the appropriate Service Set Identifier (SSID), Wireless Encryption Protocol (WEP) or WiFi Protected Access (WPA) key and authentication information. Make sure you know the SSID and WEP or WPA key ahead of time.
Connecting an Xbox 360 to a wireless router allows you to use Xbox Live without physically connecting your Xbox to a cable. Power up your Xbox system and the router, then plug the wireless networking adapter into the two slots at the Xbox's rear. Unplug any existing Ethernet cables and connect the USB connector to the port adjacent to the adapter. Use the system area of the Xbox dashboard to adjust your network settings. This should connect you to the wireless network
LAN =A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small physical area, like a home, office, or small groups of buildings, such as a school, or an airport. The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide area networks (WANs), include their usually higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic area, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines.
WAN = A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries [1]). This is in contrast with personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively
MAN = A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide area networks and the Internet.
Modem : (Modulator-demodulator) Is a device That Links Computers over telephones line. it Convert digital signals from a computer into analogue(continous) signals on a telecommunication network and vice versa
Electronic mail : Electronic mail (E-mail) Is the information directed to specific users. screens or held in computer mail box for access by users who type in codes information held on a bulletin board can be accessed by any user
In How to Fry a Wireless Router or Two, I wrote about my brother's experience frying a pair of wireless modems in a lightning storm. Last week, I talked about what had happened, why it happended, and what he could do to prevent the problem in the future (this was the third set of routers, plus he lost a computer motherboard in that storm).
This week, we'll look at his network layout, and why he could not get the network to set up properly.
To summarize the situation, he has an office an a shop, with computers on his network in both locations. Some connect via wired connections (Ethernet), while others use wireless connections. His Internet cable comes into the office first.
In the past, he first used Linksys wireless routers. Then DLinks. This time, he chose Belkin wireless routers.
The incoming cable (standard cable-company RG6 coaxial cable) connects to the cable modem.
Then, the cable modem connects to the WAN (wide area network "Internet") connection on the router.
The local wired ports on the router provide connections for two wired computers. Notebooks connect via wireless connections. Finally, one wired connection on the router is used to connect an Ethernet cable that runs 250 feed to the office from the shop.
That cable was the lightning problem, as it runs outside in a conduit just a little bit underground. Effectively, he's got a 250 foot antenna looking for the electromagnetic pulse from a lighning strike. Most of us don't worry about that because our equipment is so well grounded in the house, plus the ethernet cables we use are much shorter lines. Even if we have underground cable company lines running from their switch boxes to our houses, those lines are usually only exposed about 40 to 50 feet before they enter the dwellings.
Back to the situation. When he hooked up his replacement routers, the router at the shop immediately worked. Not so, on the router in the office. The Ethernet light and the Activity light just poounded away, blinking and blinking rapidly. But, nothing connecting to the router could get to the Internet.
If they connected a computer directly to the Ethernet cable in the office, without running it into the router first, it worked just fine. But, with the router in place, it didn't work.
The problem was the way he connected the two routers. The problem is that there is no Out Of The Box connection that will work reliably. At least one thing, usually two, has/have to be tweaked one way or another.
As one might guess, the easisest way to connect would be to connect one router's WAN connector to the cable modem, using Ethernet cable, and then use Ethernet cable to connect one of the Local Area Network (LAN) connectors on that router ot the WAN router on the other computer.
There is a problem with this setup, but it's easily solved. First, if you're using identical wireless routers, as he was, the wireless routers are both trying to use the same IP Address range and subnet mask for their local area networks.
That works fine for the first router, which is connected to cable modem. On the cable modem side, it gets an IP address on the Internet Service Provider's network — often an actual Internet address and not just a private network address. On the local area network, it assigns the IP address range specified in its setup menu. This often varies by manufacturer. In the case of Linksys, this is 192.168.1.x. In the case of the Belkin routers he bought, it was 192.168.2.x.
The problem occurs at the second router. On it's WAN side, it sees a 192.168.2.x network — but it's default setting tells it to give 192.168.2.x addresses on it's local area network side, too. In other words — it's confused. It doesn't know where to find the Internet because both networks are assigned the same addresses.
The solution was to disconnect the second router's WAN/Internet cable, connect to it via a wired computer, and tell the second router to use a different IP address range. We chose 192.168.3.x.
We hooked up the Ethernet cable to the Internet/WAN side of the router again. The router started working fine, normal light blinks for activity, no more confusion. The computers could get to the Internet just fine.
Problem solved.
That solved the Internet connection problem. However, no computers in the office would be able to share files or printers with the shop, nor would computers in the shop be able to share with the office. That was both acceptable and intended, in this case.
It could be done; however, that would require a different configuration on the routers and connections.
Bluetooth technology is named after Harald Bluetooth, a Danish king who managed to consolidate Denmark and a part of Norway in the 1900s. The choice for the name of this technology is a manifestation of how influential and central the companies from this region are to the telecommunications industry.
Bluetooth is a networking technology that does not rely on user control or large amounts of power. By keeping the transmission power to an extremely low setting (1 milliwatt), Bluetooth is ideal for mobile battery operated devices. Moreover, Bluetooth does not rely on the user since it can automatically detect and communicate with other Bluetooth devices without any user input.
Bluetooth technology relies on two things, a radio frequency technology and the protocol software enabling it to transmit data to other devices. Bluetooth-capable devices can transmit data to other devices not within the line of sight of the user. It also enables different devices to communicate using certain rules such as the amount of data that will be sent, the type of communication between the devices and the radio frequency or frequencies this communication will take place. These protocols ensure that Bluetooth devices experience the least amount of interference from other Bluetooth capable objects while communicating with each other.
Bluetooth RF Properties
Low energy radio waves are the principal transmission system in Bluetooth networking. The frequency of Bluetooth capable devices ranges from 2.402 GHz to as high as 2.480 GHz, a frequency range specifically reserved by international agreement for ISM or medical, industrial and scientific devices.
Transmission Capabilities
Other devices in the market that use the same ISM band are garage door openers, cordless phones, baby monitors, etc and all these devices contribute to the increase in the risk of interference among Bluetooth devices. To avoid this, Bluetooth devices only use about 1 miliwatt of power in transmitting its signals. This makes the effective range of a Bluetooth device about 32 feet or ten meters and thus limits the chances of interference from other nearby devices.
Nevertheless, the low transmission power requirement of Bluetooth devices make them capable of communicating with other Bluetooth devices not within their range of sight. This means that a Bluetooth device can still connect to a personal computer for file transfers even if the computer is in an entirely different room in the house.
Bluetooth is not a one-on-one data transmission technology so it can communicate with up to eight devices within its transmission radius at one time. A Bluetooth device will use at most 1600 different and randomly chosen frequencies every second within the course of its transmission to minimize the probability of other devices using the same frequency and to minimize interference time when it does coincide with another device using the same frequency.
Piconets or Personal Area Networks
A Bluetooth-capable device coming into range with another one will first determine if it has data to share or commands to transmit. This happens automatically and without any user input. Bluetooth-capable devices communicating with each other within an area form a piconet or personal area network where devices integrate and synchronize their frequency-hopping to keep in touch with each other.
With the use of a specific evice addresses in Bluetooth capable devices, it is possible to create multiple piconets or personal area networks within the same area. This means that since a cordless phone base unit and handset communicate with each other using a specific address range range, they will not interfere with Bluetooth-capable devices in the same room. The Bluetooth network ignores any transmission from devices outside of its assigned address range. The addresses of these devices and the program that instructs these devices to listen and respond using a specific address range are programmed by the manufacturer to lessen interference and increase the efficiency in data transmission of Bluetooth devices.
Since each device in a piconet is synchronized in frequency-hopping, the risk of two piconets interfering with each other by being in the same frequency at the same time is very minimal. Moreover, since the piconets change frequencies 1600 times every second, a collision between two piconets will last only a fraction of a second. Corrective software in these Bluetooth devices will also correct any interference-consequent errors, thereby increasing the efficiency of network communication.
Bluetooth Power Classes
Bluetooth provides three types of power classes, although class 3 devices are not in general availability.
Type
Power Level
Operating Range
Class 3 Devices
100mW
Up to 100 meters
Class 2 Devices
10mW
Up to 10 meters
Class 1 Devices
1mW
0.1-10 meters
Bluetooth Security
Bluetooth security is based upon device authentication, not user authentication. Each device is either trusted or untrusted. Bluetooth devices are identified by unique 48-bit identifiers, much like Ethernet MAC addresses.
Bluetooth Security Modes
Bluetooth features three security modes.
Mode
Name
Description
1
Non-secure
No security is implemented
2
Service-level security
Access is granted to individual services
3
Link-level security
Security is enforced at a common level for all applications at the beginning of the connection
Bluetooth Security Levels
Bluetooth features three possible security levels.
Mode
Description
3
No authentication or authorization is required
2
Authentication is required; authorization is not required
1
Authorization and authentication are required
Bluetooth Security Weaknesses
Bluetooth weakness include:
The Bluetooth challenge-response key generation is weak. This scheme may use a static number or a number for a period of time, which can reduce the effectiveness of the authentication.
Bluetooth's challenge-response is simplistic. A one-way challenge for authentication is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks. Mutual authentication via user verification should be used.
The keys used by Bluetooth are weak. The initialization key needs to be more robust and the unit key is a public-generated key that can be reused. A set of keys should be used instead.
The master key is shared between Bluetooth connections. This key is a broadcast and should have a better scheme than what is used.
The encryption algorithm scheme utilized in Bluetooth uses a single algorithm and allows repeat authentication. A more robust method that limits authentication and increases the encryption should be used.
Bluetooth implementations normally imit the PIN number range. A PIN number is usually only four digits and the scalability for large environments is difficult.
Additional Sources of Information on Bluetooth Security
The major advantages of the Bluetooth technology over other communication technologies are its being cheap, wireless and automatic.
A data transmission technology comparable to Bluetooth is IrDA or infrared communication much like what your remote control devices use to control the TV, stereo, air conditioner etc. The big drawback of this type of technology, however, is the requirement that the two devices establishing a connection must be within sight of one another for transmission to take place. You can only control infrared devices by pointing the remote directly at the device or lining up the infrared ports of both IR capable devices.
Bluetooth devices can communicate with one another even when they are not in the same room. In fact, even in its low power setting, a Bluetooth device can communicate with another device that is within its ten-meter radius regardless of walls, windows, or other physical obstructions.
Infrared technology limits the device communications to one on one. Thus, an IR remote control can control only one electronic device at a time. On the other hand, Bluetooth devices are capable of communicating with multiple devices at any given time.
Infrared devices, however, are less susceptible to interference than Bluetooth devices. This means that you can be sure that the data will be sent to the intended recipient without any distortion or inaccuracies. Improvements in the Bluetooth technology however minimizes this problem by enabling the Bluetooth devices to hop frequencies and communicate within a specific frequency range. Therefore, although there is still risk of interference, the chances of it happening are very minimal. If such occurs, it will happen only in a very brief period of time and a software will be available to correct any consequent distortion
EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution) is a specification for data transfer on GSM networks.
EDGE features both a packet capability, EGPRS (Enhanced General Packet Radio Service), and a circuit switched capability, ESCD (Enhanced Circuit Switched Data).
EDGE packs up to 69.2Kbps into eight timeslots, for a total theoretical bandwidth of 473.6Kb.
GERAN (GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network) is the name given to the 3GPP standards for GSM/EDGE radio access.
EDGE is an update to GPRS. In turn, EDGE will eventually be replaced by WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access).
EDGE Compact
The Universal Wireless Communications Corporation has introduced a standard for EDGE over IS-136 TDMA networks. This standard has been named EDGE Compact.
EDGE Compact supports 384Kbits over the more limited bandwidth provided by TDMA networks.
Ethernet is the most common LAN (Local Area Network) technology in use today.
Ethernet was developed by Xerox in the 1970s, and became popular after Digital Equipment Corporation and Intel joined Xerox in developing the Ethernet standard in 1980.
Ethernet was officially accepted as IEEE standard 802.3 in 1985.
The original Xerox Ethernet operated at 3Mbps. Ethernet networks up to 10Gbps now exist.
Ethernet Cabling
The first Ethernet standard, 10Base-5, ran over thick coaxial cable. A later standard, Ethernet 10Base-2, ran over a much thinner coaxial cable. These two versions of Ethernet were colloquially known as thicknet and thinnet.
Modern Ethernet standards run on UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) or fiber-optic cabling.
Ethernet Standard
Cable Specification
10Base-T
Category 3 UTP
100Base-TX
Category 5 UTP
1000Base-T
Cat 5e UTP
1000Base-SX
Optical Fiber
Ethernet Topologies
Ethernet 10Base-5 and 10Base-2 used a bus topology. Bus topologies were difficult to maintain and troubleshoot.
Modern Ethernet networks use a star topology with an Ethernet hub, switch, or router at the center of the star.
It is still possible to create a two-node Ethernet network in a bus topology using a null-Ethernet cable between the two devices.
Ethernet DTE and DCE
All nodes on an Ethernet network are either DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) or DCE (Data Communications Equipment).
Ethernet DTE are devices such as computers and printers which are trying to communicate on the Ethernet network.
Ethernet DCE are devices such as switches and routers which are trying to help other devices communicate on the Ethernet network.
Ethernet CSMA/CD
Like any network, Ethernet must have an algorithm for determining when each network node is allowed to communicate.
In Ethernet, this algorithm is known as CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection).
CSMA/CD has proven to be a very capable, if highly anarchistic, algorithm.
A wireless router is a wireless device that connects one computer or a whole network to another computer or network. It is possible to have a wireless network in your home or office. You will definitely come across wireless networks at most international airports. A wireless network is powered by a wireless router, which is responsible for sending information from one computer to another. The router will help you to share a single Internet connection between two or more computers, which can be on the same floor or even on different floors.
Working
A wireless router works in a similar manner as a wireless mobile phone. It is connected to a broadband cable or a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Internet connection and makes use of radio frequency wireless waves in place of telephone cables to broadcast and collect wireless signals. It allows data communication from one place to another. The information from the computer system is converted into a wireless radio signal before its communication. The wireless router interprets the radio signal after collecting it and subsequently transmits the data to the Internet through a wired connection. It can also accept data from the web, transform it into a radio signal, and then send it to a computer. A wireless network functions as a two-way radio communication system. It uses a similar method wherein radio and television programs are aired.
Models
It is necessary that you take a look at different models of wireless routers and check their specifications. Companies like D-Link have come out with some excellent high-performance wireless routers. Some other companies manufacturing wireless routers are Linksys, NETGEAR, and Belkin. Routers from these companies have excellent performance ratings.
Types
There are different types of wireless routers. The Linksys wireless-G broadband router and the Belkin router work in similar ways. These routers have a wireless access point that allows the consumer to connect to the G and B wireless connections. The routers also help connect wired Ethernet devices to the network. The devices on the network can share a high-speed Internet connection.
The Linksys wireless-B broadband router is another very popular router. It acts as a kind of a splitter for an existing Internet connection. So, as long as the Internet connection is attached to the router, all the computers that are located in your house or office will be able to use the Internet connection simultaneously. All the computers on the network will be able to connect to one another with the help of the wireless-B router.
Product Reviews
Before buying a wireless router, read the product reviews. Along with the wireless router, broadband VoIP technology is also available for long-distance communications. VoIP connections help to connect to the Internet as well as to use voice communications over the network. The wireless router antenna is a very important accessory for the wireless router. The antenna is used to intensify the radio signals emitted from other devices on the network. Hence, a long-range wireless router will definitely make use of the antenna.
Manufacturers
Companies like Micronet are venturing into manufacturing wireless networking products. Micronet has come out with its new SP916GK wireless router. This router is rated very highly for its excellent performance, and it features the latest technology in wireless routers for home and office users. Multiple users can share an Internet connection through a single ADSL connection. The router has an embedded DHCP server, a very simplified IP management system, as well as a firewall for security of the entire LAN.
Authoritative answers can be found from: dns01.jdc01.pa.comcast.net internet address = 68.87.96.3 dns02.jdc01.pa.comcast.net internet address = 68.87.96.4
The IP address is a logical address assigned to your network card in order to establish communication over the network and also to identify your computer over it. IP addresses are usually assigned by network administrators based on certain rules and regulations.
Reasons to Change an IP Address
Even if you're part of a small network routed through a single IP address, the people outside your network can see only the IP address of the gateway you're using. If you're connected directly to the Internet cloud, it's basically the same thing. You're reaching out to a certain service through a certain IP address.
If someone would want to deny your access to certain services (an IRC channel, a certain forum, some websites, game servers and so on), they'd have to ban your IP address from the system. This puts you in a dilemma. The first thing that comes in mind is to change your IP address so you can evade the ban. Ban evasion is not recommended in any way as it may lead to a longer ban/denial of access. This doesn't have to be all negative. You can wish to change your IP address due constant flooding or spam you're being the victim of.
However, this tutorial will teach you a few tips and tricks on how to get things started in changing your IP address and how to actually change your IP address once the request has been approved.
If you're one of the old Dial-UP users with phone lines connected to your computer, you're most likely going to receive a different IP address if you're going to disconnect and reconnect the service. The same thing applies to those of you using PPPoE (Point to Point Over Ethernet) based on username/password since those are not permanent connections and they have to be reestablished every time you turn on your equipment.
The real problem comes for those of you using cable modems/DSL/FTTH connections. Most of you have static IP addresses, and if you don't, you probably have a bound IP address based on your Ethernet MAC address, so it still won't change.
The best thing to do in this case is to call your ISP and ask for suggestions on what to do next. Most likely, they have a special procedure regarding IP change requests. They will either provide detailed instructions on how to change your IP address either will give you the new settings available for immediate use.
In case of flooding and harassment, you might be asked for proof to sustain your statement. Get ready to show relevant logs extracted from your firewall and anything else you feel like it's going to be useful.
Once they have approved your request, you will only have to modify your settings, if your IP address is manually configured on the equipment. If so, you will have to change it to the new one your ISP gave you.
Steps to Change Your IP Address
Operating System
Steps to Change the IP Address
Windows 9x/Me users
Go to Start -> Control Panel -> Network -> Network card -> TCP/IP -> IP address
Windows XP/2k users
Go to Start -> Control Panel -> Network Connections -> Local Area Connection -> Properties -> Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
Red Hat Linux
Go to System Tools -> Network. You could also use tools as 'linuxconf' or 'netcfg'tool.
Keep in mind that different ISP's have different procedures related to IP address changes and if you requested an IP change once and it was approved, it might not be approved so easily the next time
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a technology for bringing high- bandwidth information to homes and small businesses over ordinary copper telephone lines. xDSL refers to different variations of DSL, such as ADSL, HDSL, and RADSL. Assuming your home or small business is close enough to a telephone company central office that offers DSL service, you may be able to receive data at rates up to 6.1 megabits (millions of bits) per second (of a theoretical 8.448 megabits per second), enabling continuous transmission of motion video, audio, and even 3-D effects. More typically, individual connections will provide from 1.544 Mbps to 512 Kbps downstream and about 128 Kbps upstream. A DSL line can carry both data and voice signals and the data part of the line is continuously connected. DSL installations began in 1998 and will continue at a greatly increased pace through the next decade in a number of communities in the U.S. and elsewhere. Compaq, Intel, and Microsoft working with telephone companies have developed a standard and easier-to-install form of ADSL called G.Lite that is accelerating deployment. DSL is expected to replace ISDN in many areas and to compete with the cable modem in bringing multimedia and 3-D to homes and small businesses.
How It Works
Traditional phone service (sometimes called POTS for "plain old telephone service") connects your home or small business to a telephone company office over copper wires that are wound around each other and called twisted pair . Traditional phone service was created to let you exchange voice information with other phone users and the type of signal used for this kind of transmission is called an analog signal. An input device such as a phone set takes an acoustic signal (which is a natural analog signal) and converts it into an electrical equivalent in terms of volume (signal amplitude) and pitch (frequency of wave change). Since the telephone company's signalling is already set up for this analog wave transmission, it's easier for it to use that as the way to get information back and forth between your telephone and the telephone company. That's why your computer has to have a modem - so that it can demodulate the analog signal and turn its values into the string of 0 and 1 values that is called digital information.
Because analog transmission only uses a small portion of the available amount of information that could be transmitted over copper wires, the maximum amount of data that you can receive using ordinary modems is about 56 Kbps (thousands of bits per second). (With ISDN , which one might think of as a limited precursor to DSL, you can receive up to 128 Kbps.) The ability of your computer to receive information is constrained by the fact that the telephone company filters information that arrives as digital data, puts it into analog form for your telephone line, and requires your modem to change it back into digital. In other words, the analog transmission between your home or business and the phone company is a bandwidth bottleneck.
Digital Subscriber Line is a technology that assumes digital data does not require change into analog form and back. Digital data is transmitted to your computer directly as digital data and this allows the phone company to use a much wider bandwidth for transmitting it to you. Meanwhile, if you choose, the signal can be separated so that some of the bandwidth is used to transmit an analog signal so that you can use your telephone and computer on the same line and at the same time.
Splitter-based vs. Splitterless DSL
Most DSL technologies require that a signal splitter be installed at a home or business, requiring the expense of a phone company visit and installation. However, it is possible to manage the splitting remotely from the central office. This is known as splitterless DSL, "DSL Lite," G.Lite, or Universal ADSL and has recently been made a standard.
Modulation Technologies
Several modulation technologies are used by various kinds of DSL, although these are being standardized by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ). Different DSL modem makers are using either Discrete Multitone Technology ( DMT ) or Carrierless Amplitude Modulation ( CAP ). A third technology, known as Multiple Virtual Line ( MVL nother possibility.
Factors Affecting the Experienced Data Rate
DSL modems follow the data rate multiples established by North American and European standards. In general, the maximum range for DSL without a repeater is 5.5 km (18,000 feet). As distance decreases toward the telephone company office, the data rate increases. Another factor is the gauge of the copper wire. The heavier 24 gauge wire carries the same data rate farther than 26 gauge wire. If you live beyond the 5.5 kilometer range, you may still be able to have DSL if your phone company has extended the local loop with optical fiber cable.
To interconnect multiple DSL users to a high-speed backbone network, the telephone company uses a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer ( DSLAM ). Typically, the DSLAM connects to an asynchronous transfer mode ( ATM ) network that can aggregate data transmission at gigabit data rates. At the other end of each transmission, a DSLAM demultiplexes the signals and forwards them to appropriate individual DSL connections.
Who's Offering It When
DSL is now offered in most parts of the United States, in the UK, and elsewhere. The availability of DSL service depends on whether a local company has made the necessary investment in equipment and line reconditioning and on your own proximity to the telephone company.
Companies offering DSL service in various parts of the United States include BellSouth, Covad, Primary Network, Qwest, SBC Communications, and Verizon. In general, a faster and more expensive is offered for business users.
Types of DSL
ADSL
The variation called ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) is the form of DSL that will become most familiar to home and small business users. ADSL is called "asymmetric" because most of its two-way or duplex bandwidth is devoted to the downstream direction, sending data to the user. Only a small portion of bandwidth is available for upstream or user-interaction messages. However, most Internet and especially graphics- or multi-media intensive Web data need lots of downstream bandwidth, but user requests and responses are small and require little upstream bandwidth. Using ADSL, up to 6.1 megabits per second of data can be sent downstream and up to 640 Kbps upstream. The high downstream bandwidth means that your telephone line will be able to bring motion video, audio, and 3-D images to your computer or hooked-in TV set. In addition, a small portion of the downstream bandwidth can be devoted to voice rather data, and you can hold phone conversations without requiring a separate line.
Unlike a similar service over your cable TV line, using ADSL, you won't be competing for bandwidth with neighbors in your area. In many cases, your existing telephone lines will work with ADSL. In some areas, they may need upgrading.
CDSL (Consumer DSL) is a version of DSL, trademarked by Rockwell Corp., that is somewhat slower than ADSL (1 Mbps downstream, probably less upstream) and has the advantage that a "splitter" does not need to be installed at the user's end. Rockwell no longer provides information about CSDL at its Web site and does not appear to be marketing it.
G.Lite (also known as DSL Lite, splitterless ADSL, and Universal ADSL) is essentially a slower ADSL that doesn't require splitting of the line at the user end but manages to split it for the user remotely at the telephone company. This saves the cost of what the phone companies call "the truck roll." G.Lite, officially ITU-T standard G-992.2, provides a data rate from 1.544 Mbps to 6 Mpbs downstream and from 128 Kbps to 384 Kbps upstream. G.Lite is expected to become the most widely installed form of DSL.
HDSL (High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line), one of the earliest forms of DSL, is used for wideband digital transmission within a corporate site and between the telephone company and a customer. The main characteristic of HDSL is that it is symmetrical: an equal amount of bandwidth is available in both directions. HDSL can carry as much on a single wire of twisted-pair cable as can be carried on a T1 line (up to 1.544 Mbps) in North America or an E1 line (up to 2.048 Mbps) in Europe over a somewhat longer range and is considered an alternative to a T1 or E1 connection.
RADSL (Rate-Adaptive DSL) is an ADSL technology from Westell in which software is able to determine the rate at which signals can be transmitted on a given customer phone line and adjust the delivery rate accordingly. Westell's FlexCap2 system uses RADSL to deliver from 640 Kbps to 2.2 Mbps downstream and from 272 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps upstream over an existing line.
SDSL (Symmetric DSL) is similar to HDSL with a single twisted-pair line, carrying 1.544 Mbps (U.S. and Canada) or 2.048 Mbps (Europe) each direction on a duplex line. It's symmetric because the data rate is the same in both directions.
VDSL (Very high data rate DSL) is a developing technology that promises much higher data rates over relatively short distances (between 51 and 55 Mbps over lines up to 1,000 feet or 300 meters in length). It's envisioned that VDSL may emerge somewhat after ADSL is widely deployed and co-exist with it. The transmission technology (CAP, DMT, or other) and its effectiveness in some environments is not yet determined. A number of standards organizations are working on it.
x2/DSL is a modem from 3Com that supports 56 Kbps modem communication but is upgradeable through new software installation to ADSL when it becomes available in the user's area. 3Com calls it "the last modem you will ever need."
